Hospital-associated disability (HAD) is significant among geriatric patients admitted to acute care hospitals.
The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of additional weekend physiotherapy on mobility impairments of high-risk older patients admitted to the acute medical unit.
Methods
A prospective, non-randomized controlled trial was conducted in one of the medical units in a northern Ontario hospital. A total of 41 patients were recruited using a consecutive sampling method and assigned to a control group (n = 19) and an experimental group (n = 22). The de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) and the Barthel Index (BI) were the outcome measures.
Results
A Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the group differences, and it showed that there was a statistically significant difference (p < .05) between the experimental and control groups on the DEMMI and the BI.
Conclusion
Additional weekend physiotherapy significantly improves elderly patients’ physical function and gets them physically ready for discharge when medically stable. This may significantly reduce the alternate level of care for patients.
Background
Elderly patients admitted to the hospital are less active on weekends than on weekdays. It can be referred to as hospital-associated disability (HAD) (Loyd et al., 2020). HAD is one of the most pervasive threats to independence faced by older adults. Up to 60% of geriatric patients experience a functional decline due to hospitalization. Despite common knowledge that age-related sarcopenia is accelerated during periods of muscle disuse and that physical activity levels while in the hospital predict capacity to be discharged home, evidence suggests that even older patients who can walk independently spend over 23 hours per day lying in bed while in hospital (Bell et al., 2016; Tasheva et al., 2020).
HAD is associated with a longer length of stay (LOS), hospital readmission (Tonkikh et al., 2016), poor prognosis, and a risk of those elderly patients being placed under the alternate levels of care (ALC) category. According to the Canadian Institute of Health Information, “ALC designated patients are those who no longer require the intensity of resources and services provided in that care setting” (Canadian Institute of Health Information, 2016).
ALC is a pressing concern in acute care settings. It significantly affects the effective use of hospital resources and patient flow (Costa et al., 2012). It also increases hospital crowding, cancellation of surgeries, and delays in diagnostic testing and day procedures (Costa et al., 2012). One ALC patient occupying one bed can block access to four patients in an emergency department (Sutherland & Crump, 2013). The burden of ALC patients occupying acute care beds is expected to increase with Canada’s aging population. To meet the increasing demand, it is crucial to develop and explore strategies to minimize the LOS of ALC patients.
Physiotherapy plays a major role in restoring function and is often recommended to improve physical function to facilitate an effective discharge from the hospital. Additional physical therapy improves the functional outcomes of patients with stroke, total knee replacement, and coronary artery bypass grafting (Peiris et al., 2018). However, to our knowledge, there is no study available that evaluates the effectiveness of additional weekend physiotherapy on elderly patients with acute medical conditions admitted to the general internal medicine units. In this pilot study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of additional weekend physiotherapy intervention on mobility impairments and the functional outcome/functional performance of high-risk older patients admitted to acute medical units and consequently diverting these patients from ALC beds.
Statistical analysis and Results
Descriptive statistics such as mean and percentage were used to analyze patient characteristics such as age and gender. A nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze the differences between the control and experimental group because of the smaller sample size and skewed data. The p-value of ≤.05 was considered statistically significant for the confidence interval of 95%. The results were analyzed using the Prism software.
The mean age was 79 years with 23% of males and 77% of females, and 81 years with 58% of males and 42% of females for the experimental and control group, respectively (Table 1). For the DEMMI, the median for the experimental group was 53, with a sum of ranks of 582. The control group was 44, with a sum of ranks of 279. The Mann-Whitney U value was 89 between the control and experimental groups, which showed a statistically significant difference (p < .05) between the experimental and control groups. For the BI, the median was 18 and 16, with the sum of ranks of 572 and 289 for the experimental and control groups, respectively. The ADL components of the BI also showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups (Table 2).
Discussion
Geriatric patients admitted to hospitals spend most of the time in bed secondary to various factors, such as medications, infections, and not having a purpose of getting up, and it is directly associated with decreased walking ability and increased mortality rate (Evensen et al., 2017; Jasper et al., 2020). This worsens with staff shortage and a lack of PT services, especially on the weekends. Typically, PT referrals ordered on weekdays (Monday to Thursday) are assessed on the next working day. However, in the absence of weekend PT, PT referrals ordered on Fridays are typically assessed on Mondays. Hence, patients wait for PT assessment for 3 days, increasing the risk of patients spending more time in bed. This situation could be improved with additional weekend PT. We recommend prioritizing frail older patients at risk of extended LOS for the weekend PT program.
To our knowledge, this is the first study that explored the effectiveness of weekend physiotherapy on acute geriatric medical patients’ physical function. This study showed that additional weekend physiotherapy assessment and treatment have significant effects on acute geriatric medical patients’ physical function and ADLs. The findings of our study are supported by a systematic review that aimed to analyze the effects of after-hours or weekend rehabilitation on geriatric patients with other medical conditions (Peiris et al., 2011). This is an important factor to consider because geriatric patients are made ALC when they are medically stable but cannot be discharged due to impaired physical or cognitive status or social issues. This study provides crucial evidence to consider weekend PT in acute medical units to improve geriatric patients’ physical function, which may divert them from ALC beds when physical function limits their ability to go home.
The findings of this study also showed that extra physiotherapy during the weekend significantly improved patients’ ability to complete activities of daily living. Although ADL is typically associated with occupational therapy, deconditioning is one of the major factors that could impact ADL. Geriatric patients admitted to hospitals who are weak and unable to make it to the bathroom are usually provided an adult diaper or a commode to prevent accidents. This weakens them, especially when the nursing staff is unsure of patients’ current physical status due to a lack of PT on the weekend. Weekend PT assessment of frail older adults would be beneficial in assisting patients in receiving appropriate gait aid and assisting the nurses with the current level of assistance required for the patients. It could also prevent deconditioning and restore the strength and endurance of geriatric patients to be independent with ADL as revealed by the scores of the BI in this study.
Conclusion
Additional weekend physiotherapy may have a positive impact on improving geriatric patients’ physical function and mobility during hospitalization. Future research should focus on a larger sample size with cost analysis that may provide better strategies to improve geriatric patients’ physical function and LOS.
Venkadesan Rajendran and Deepa Jeevanantham – Sage Journals – 2022-05-04.
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